Resumen
OBJETIVO: caracterizar el curso clínico, factores de riesgo, medicamentos o sustancias relacionadas y diagnóstico diferencial, que permita un tratamiento adecuado de la distonía aguda y una mayor sensibilización de los clínicos.
DESARROLLO: la distonía aguda es un efecto adverso frecuente del uso de antipsicóticos y otras sustancias. Recién con la aparición de nuevos antipsicóticos atípicos, se han iniciado tratamientos con menor incidencia de esta alteración del movimiento. Este artículo revisó la literatura de los últimos diez años y se hizo énfasis en revisiones o casos reportados. La distonía aguda tiene una clínica de movimientos torsionales en la región craneocervical predominantemente y los principales factores de riesgo son: ser joven, hombre, distonía previa y consumo de cocaína. El curso es característicamente rápido en su progresión y resolución, el diagnóstico se establece fácilmente con bases clínicas, cuando se conoce la enfermedad. El tratamiento de la distonía incluye la disminución o suspensión del medicamento productor, y las drogas más usadas son los anticolinérgicos. El pronóstico en general es bueno.
CONCLUSI‹N: la distonía aguda se produce por el uso de antipsicóticos y otros medicamentos de uso psiquiátrico, neurológico o anestésico y en general por sustancias que centran su acción en el sistema nervioso central. Los factores de riesgo deben ser tenidos en cuenta, así como un diagnóstico diferencial con otros movimientos anormales e iniciar tratamiento de corta duración para prevenir la recurrencia (Acta Neurol Colomb 2005;21:306-312).
Citas
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