Resumen
Los tumores primarios y secundarios múltiples se han descrito desde finales del siglo XIX, sin embargo los criterios específicos para definirlo como una entidad claramente reconocida solo se precisaron hasta 1932. El desarrollo de un segundo tumor maligno después del tratamiento del primero con radioterapia o quimioterapia no es un evento infrecuente sobre todo en pacientes de edad pediátrica, en especial en las neoplasias hematolinfoides. Factores como la edad, las alteraciones genéticas, el tipo de tumor primario, la exposición a determinadas sustancias o patógenos, la herencia o inclusive el estado inmunológico de un paciente se han relacionado con el riesgo de tener o presentar tumores múltiples.
El cáncer es una enfermedad relacionada con alteraciones en el genoma. Hay reportes de tumores cerebrales en mujeres asociados con cáncer de vejiga, colo-rectal, seno y endometrio y en los hombres una alta incidencia de linfoma de SNC (sistema nervioso central) como una neoplasia maligna secundaria. La secuenciación completa del genoma humano y el continuo perfeccionamiento de las tecnologías hacen posible visualizar para tiempos cercanos una mejor comprensión de los cambios en el genoma y su causalidad con el cáncer.
El propósito de este artículo es presentar un caso clínico muy representativo y una revisión de algunos avances en el campo de la genética, en este interesante campo.
Citas
WARREN S, GATES O. Multiple primary malignant tumors. A survery of literature and statistical study. Am J Cancer. 1932; 16: 1358-1414.
ROBISON LL, MERTENS AC, BOICE JD, ET AL. Study design and cohort characteristics of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study: a multi-institutional collaborative project. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002; 38: 229-239.
GUÉRIN S, HAWKINS M, SHAMSALDIN A, ET AL. Treatment-Adjusted Predisposition to Second Malignant Neoplasms After a Solid Cancer in Childhood: A Case-Control Study. JCO. 2007; 25: 2833-2839.
UENO M, MUTO T, OYA M, OTA H, AZEKURA K, YAMAGUCHI T. Multiple primary cancer: anexperience at the Cancer Institute Hospital with special reference to colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2003; 8: 162-167.
YANCIK RM, RIES L. Aging and cancer in America. Demographic and epidemiologic perpectives. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000; 14: 17-23.
DAY J. Population Projections in the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic origin: 1995-2050. Washington DC, US Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, 1996: 1130.
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States 1989. Mortalitiypart B. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, 1991.
LUCIANI A, BALDUCCI L. Multiple Primary Malignancies. Semin Oncol. 2004; 31: 264-273.
DONG C, HEMMINKI K. Second primary neoplasms in 633.964 cancer patients in Sweden, 1958-1996. Int J Cancer. 2001; 93: 155-161.
SHARIAT SF, SFAKIANOS JP, DROLLER MJ, KARAKIEWICZ PI, MERYN S, BOCHNER BH. The effect of age and gender on bladder cancer: A critical review of the literature. BJU Int. 2010; 105: 300-308.
SHARIAT SF, MILOWSKY M, DROLLER MJ. Bladder cancer in the elderly. Urol Oncol. 2009; 27: 653-667.
WANG C, ZHAO P, BAI X, WANG H, BAI Y. Breast cancer in multiple primary malignant neoplasms, epidemiological and clinical analysis [Article in Chinese] Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002; 82: 1229-1231.
GAO X, FISHER SG, EMAMI B. COMMENT in: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jul 15; 56(4):920-921. Risk of second primary cancer in the contralateral breast in women treated for early-stage breast cancer: a population-based study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 56: 1038-1045.
RUBINO C, DE VATHAIRE F, DIALLO I, SHAMSALDIN A, LE MG. Increased risk of second cancers following breast cancer: role of the initial treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000; 61: 183-195.
LEVI F, TE VC, RANDIMBISON L, LA VECCHIA C. Cancer risk in women with previous breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2003; 14: 71-73.
SORKIN VM. The primary multiple malignant tumors in patients with mammary gland cancer. Klin-Khir 2000; 5: 41-43.
HEMMINKI K, AALTONEN L, LI X. Subsequent primary malignancies after endometrial carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 2003; 97: 2432-2439.
NICHOLS KE, HEATH JA, FRIEDMAN D, BIEGEL JA, GANGULY A ET AL. TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2 Tumor Suppressor Genes Are Not Commonly Mutated in Survivors of Hodgkin's Disease With Second Primary Neoplasm. JCO. 2003; 21: 4505-4509.
NIEUWENHUIJSEN MJ, GRELLIER J, SMITH R, ISZATT N, BENNETT J, BEST N, ET AL. The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection products in drinking water. Philos Transact A Math. Phys Eng Sci. 2009; 367:4043-4076.
SMITH AH, GOYCOLEA M, HAQUE R, BIGGS ML. Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of Northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. Am J Epidemiol. 1998; 147: 660-669.
RAY P, SHARIFI R, ORTOLANO V, GUINAN P. Involvement of the genitourinary system in multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A review J Clin Oncol. 1983; 1: 574-578.
Kiemeney LA, Grotenhuis AJ, Vermeulen SH, Wu X. Genome-wide association studies in bladder cancer: First results and potential relevance. Curr Opin Urol. 2009; 19: 540-546.
KIEMENEY LA. Hereditary bladder cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2008; 218 (Suppl): 110-115.
SALMINEN E, PUKKALA E, TEPPO L. Second cancers in patients with brain tumours- impact of treatment. Eur J Cancer. 1999; 35: 102-105.
INSKIP PD. Multiple primary tumors involving cancer of the brain and central nervous system as the first or subsequent cancer. Cancer. 2003; 98: 562-570.
AHSAN H, NEUGUT A, BRUCE JN. Association of malignant brain tumors and cancers of other sites. JCO. 1995; 13: 2931-2935.
FROHLING S, DOHNER H. Molecular Origins of Cancer Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 722-734.
MITELMAN F, JOHANSSON B, MERTENS F. The impact of translocations and gene fusions on cancer causation. Nature Review Cancer. 2007; 7: 233-246.
RAO G, GIORDANO SH, LIU J, MCCUTCHEON IE. The association of breast cancer and meningioma in men and woman. Neurosurgery. 2009; 65: 483-489.

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
