Resumen
El virus del zika (VZ) hace parte de la familia Flaviviridae y de los Spondweni serocomplejo; es transmitido principalmente por la familia de vectores Aedes. El primer reporte de una enfermedad exantemática desconocida fue llevado a cabo en Brasil en el año 2014 y posteriormente se reconoció como la infección por VZ en mayo del 2014. Para mayo del 2015, dicha infección se había extendido por Brasil y en noviembre de aquel año se confirmó la asociación de microcefalia y anormalidades congénitas durante el embarazo. Con posterioridad se han reportado múltiples alteraciones neurológicas en la población pediátrica, como microcefalia; alteraciones corticoespinales; síntomas neuromusculares; disquinesias; atrofia coriorretininana con coloboma macular; nistagmus; glaucoma congénito e hipoacusia neurosensorial asociada con atrofia o displasia cortical; ventriculomegalia; calcificaciones; hipoplasia de tallo y del cerebelo con compromiso del vermix; pérdida del volumen de la sustancia blanca; disgenesia del cuerpo calloso e hidrocefalia; malformación de Dandy Walker y adelgazamiento de la porción torácica y de la médula espinal hacia el aspecto ventral; alteraciones todas que explican los signos clínicos del síndrome del VZ congénito. En los adultos se ha documentado el síndrome de Guillain-Barré con una incidencia de dos a tres casos por cada 10 000 infecciones y, en menor medida, se han reportado casos de mielitis y encefalitis por la infección con el VZ. Adicionalmente, se han descrito alteraciones del comportamiento, disminución del nivel de conciencia, convulsiones y meningismo. Por último, las menos frecuentemente reportadas hasta el momento son la encefalomielitis aguda diseminada, la parálisis facial periférica y la mielorradiculopatía.
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