Small-fiber sensory neurons
PDF (Español)

Keywords

Pain
neurology (MeHS)

Abstract

Advances in molecular genetic studies in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion, have allowed further insight into the mechanisms of pain, when observing how they organize sensory neurons, a peripheral organization, marked by the need to preserve tissue integrity and preserve homeostasis.
This paper described small fiber sensory neurons from the point of view of its structure, composition function and their influence on the genesis of a mysterious symptom as that of burning feet and other components such as ataxia and growing component that often engaged us in efforts to establish its pathogenesis and symptom management.


PDF (Español)

References

QUINN H. Size of human lower thoracic and lumbosacral nerve roots. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:37- 42.

DEVOR M. Unexplained peculiarities of the dorsal root ganglion. Pain. 1999;82 (suppl 1): S27- S35.

PETERS CM, JIMÉNEZ-ANDRADE JM, JONÁS BM, ET AL. Intravenous paclitaxel admin- istration in the rat induces a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by macrophage infiltra- tion and injury to sensory neurons and their sup- porting cells. Exp Neurol. 2007;203:42-54.

QUINN H. Labat Lecture: The Primary Sensory Neuron: Where It Is, What It Does, and Why It Matters. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine. 2010; 35:306-311.

WOOLF CJ, MA Q. Nociceptors—noxious stim-ulus detectors, Neuron 2007; 55: 353–64.

BIBEL M, BARDE YA. Neurotrophins: key reg- ulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes & Dev. 2000; 14: 2919-2937.

ARÉVALO JC, WU SH. Neurotrophin signaling: many exciting surprises. Cell. Mol Life Sci 2006; 63: 1523–1537.

HEMPSTEAD BL. Dissecting the diverse actions of pro- and mature neurotrophins. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2006; 3: 19–24.

REICHARDT LF. Neurotrophin-regulated sig- nalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, Biol Sci 2006; 361: 1545–1564.

ALLEN SJ, DAWBARN D. Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors. Clin Sci 2006. 110: 175–191.

GORDON PR. Conos de Crecimiento Neuro- nal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2005. http://wn.com/growth_cone

VIRCHOW R. Über das ausgebreitete Vorkom- men einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 1854; 6: 562–572.

BLACK JA, SONTHEIMER H, WAXMAN SG. In The Axon, S Waxman, J Kocsis and P Stys, eds. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995: 116– 143.

LAMBERT S, DAVIS JQ, BENNETT V. Mor- phogenesis of the node of Ranvier: co-clusters of ankyrin and ankyrin-binding integral proteins define early developmental intermediates. Journal of Neuroscience 1997; 17: 7025–7036.

EINHEBER S, BHAT MA, SALZER JL. Dis- rupted Axo-Glial Junctions Result in Accumu- lation of Abnormal Mitochondria at Nodes of Ranvier” Neuron Glia Biology 2006; 2: 165–174.

VOAS MG, DA LYON, NAYLOR, N ARANA, RASBAND MN, TALBOT WS. ?II-Spectrin Is Essential for Assembly of the Nodes of Ranvier in Myelinated Axons. Current Biology. 2007; 17: 562-568.

FRY, C. Fisiología de la célula I”. Cirugía (Oxford). 2007. 25: 425-429.

SALZER JL. Clustering sodium channels at the node of Ranvier: close encounters of the axon-glia kind. Neuron 1997; 18: 843–846.

SHERRINGTON C. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906: 148-180.

JESSELL TM, KANDEL ER, SCHWARTZ JH. Principles of neural science, Norwalk, CT: Apple- ton & Lange. 1991:472–479.

BREEDLOVE, S.M., ROSENZWEIG, M.R., & WATSON, N.V. Biological Psychology: An Intro- duction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neu- roscience (Fifth Edition) by S. Mark Breedlove, Mark R. Rosenzweig. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2007: 556-557.

HUCHO T, LEVINE JD. Signaling pathways in sensitization: Toward nociceptor cell biology. Neuron 2007; 55: 365–376.

CATERINA MJ, SCHUMACHER MA, TOMI- NAGA M, ROSEN TA, LEVINE JD, JULIUS D. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion chan- nel in the pain pathway”. Nature 1997; 389: 816– 824.

XUE Q, YU Y, TRILK SL, JONG BE, SCHUM- ACHER MA. The genomic organization of the gene encoding the vanilloid receptor: evidence for multiple splice variants”. Genomics 2001; 76: 14–20.

CLAPHAM DE, JULIUS D, MONTELL C, SCHULTZ G. International Union of Pharmacol- ogy. XLIX. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of transient receptor potential chan- nels”. Rev Pharmacol 2005; 57: 427–450.

WEI ET, SEID DA. AG-3-5: chemical produc- ing sensations of cold”. J Pharm Pharmacol 1983; 35: 110–112.

CLIFFORD J. WOOLFAND QIUFU MA. Noci- ceptors—Noxious Stimulus. Neuron 55, August 2, 2007neuron.2007.07.016

BAUTISTA DM, SIEMENS J, GLAZER JM, TSURUDA PR, BASBAUM AI, STUCKY CL, JORDT SE, JULIUS D. The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environ- mental cold.” Nature, 2007 448 (7150): 204–208. doi:10.1038/nature05910. PMID 17538622

WASNER G, SCHATTSCHNEIDER J, BINDER A, BARON R. Topical menthol--a human model for cold pain by activation and sensitization of C nociceptors. Brain: a journal of neurology, 2004 127 (Pt 5): 1159–71. HTTP//: doi:10.1093/ brain/awh134. PMID 14985268

MUKERJI G, YIANGOU Y, CORCORAN SL, SELMER IS, SMITH GD, BENHAM CD, ET.AL. Cool and menthol receptor TRPM8 in human uri- nary bladder disorders and clinical correlations”. BMC urology 2006: 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-6-

PMC 1420318. PMID 16519806. http://www.

pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=p mcentrez&artid=1420318

LASHINGER ES, STEIGINGA MS, HIEBLE JP, LEON LA, GARDNER SD, NAGILLA R, ET.AL. AMTB, a TRPM8 channel blocker: evi- dence in rats for activity in overactive bladder and painful bladder syndrome”. American jour- nal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2008 295 (3): F803–10. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90269.2008. PMID 18562636

CUI M, HONORE P, ZHONG C, GAUVIN D, MIKUSA J, HERNANDEZ G, ET.AL. TRPV1 receptors in the CNS play a key role in broad-spec- trum analgesia of TRPV1 antagonists”. J. Neurosci. 2006; 26: 9385–9393.

HUANG SM, BISOGNO T, TREVISANI M, AL-HAYANI A, DE PETROCELLIS L, FEZZA F. ET.AL. An endogenous capsaicin-like substance with high potency at recombinant and native vanil- loid VR1 receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002; 99: 8400–8405.

FIELDS HL, ROWBOTHAM M, BARON R. Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation. Neurobiol Dis 1998 5: 209–227.

V EULER US, GADDUM JH. An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts. The Journal of Physiology 1931; 72: 74–87.

DATAR P, SRIVASTAVA S, COUTINHO E, GOVIL G ET.AL. Substance P: structure, function, and therapeutics. Current topics in medicinal chemistry 2004; 4: 75–103.

GERARD NP, GARRAWAY LA, EDDY RL JR, SHOWS TB, IIJIMA H, PAQUET JL. ET .AL. Human substance P receptor (NK-1): organization of the gene, chromosome localization, and func- tional expression of cDNA clones. Biochemistry. 1991; 30: 10640–10646.

GRADY EF, GARLAND AM, GAMP PD, LOVETT M, PAYAN DG, BUNNETT NW. Delineation of the endocytic pathway of sub- stance P and its seven-transmembrane domain NK1 receptor. Molecular Biology of the Cell 1995; 6: 509–524.

YIP J, CHAHL LA. Localization of NK1 and NK3 receptors in guinea-pig brain”. Regulatory pep- tides 2001; 98: 55–62.

GOBBI G, CASSANO T, RADJA F, MORGESE MG, CUOMO V, SANTARELLI L, ET AL. Neu- rokinin 1 receptor antagonism requires norepi- nephrine to increase serotonin function. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 17: 328–338.

RAMESHWAR P. Substance P: a regulatory neuropeptide for hematopoiesis and immune functions. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1997; 85): 129–133.

DE FELIPE C, HERRERO JF, O’BRIEN JA, PALMER JA, DOYLE CA, SMITH AJ, ET.AL. Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 1998; 392: 394–397.

ZUBRZYCKA M, JANECKA A. Substance P: transmitter of nociception (Minireview)”. Endo- crine regulations 2000; 34:195–201.

HORNBY PJ. Central neurocircuitry associated with emesi. The American Journal of Medicine 2001; 111 (Suppl 8A): 106S–112S.

DONKIN JJ, NIMMO AJ, CERNAK I, BLUM- BERGS PC, VINK R. Substance P is associated with the development of brain edema and func- tional deficits after traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29: 1388–1398.

PARK TJ, COMER C, CAROL A, LU Y, HONG HS, RICE FL. Somatosensory organization and behavior in naked mole-rats: II. Periphral struc- tures, innervation, and selective lack of neuropep- tides associated with thermoregulation and pain”. J Comp Neurol 2003; 465: 104–120.

KRISHTAL O. The ASICs: signaling molecules? Modulators? Trends Neurosci. 2003; 26:477-483.

WALDMANN R. Proton-gated cation channels-

-neuronal acid sensors in the central and peripheral nervous system. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 502:293- 304.

BIANCHI L, DRISCOLL M. Protons at the gate: DEG/ENaC ion channels help us feel and remember. Neuron 2002; 34:337-340.

KELLENBERGER S, SCHILD L. Epithelial sodium channel/degenerin family of ion channels: a variety of functions for a shared structure. Physiol Rev 2002; 82:735-767.

GARCIA-ANOVEROS J, SAMAD TA, ZUVELA- JELASKA L, WOOLF CJ, COREY DP. Transport and localization of the DEG/ENaC ion channel BNaC1alpha to peripheral mechanosensory termi- nals of dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2678-2686.

PRICE MP, LEWIN GR, MCILWRATH SL, CHENG C, XIE J, HEPPENSTALL PA. ET AL. The mammalian sodium channel BNC1 is required for normal touch sensation. Nature 2000; 407:1007-1011.

UGAWA S, UEDA T, ISHIDA Y, NISHIGAKI M, SHIBATA Y, SHIMADA S. Amiloride-blockable acid-sensing ion channels are leading acid sensors expressed in human nociceptors. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1185-1190.

CANNON KE, NALWALK JW, STADEL R, GE P, LAWSON D, SILOS-SANTIAGO I. ET .AL Activation of spinal histamine H3 receptors inhib- its mechanical nociception. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 470:139-147.

MOLLIVER D C; IMMKE DC, FIERRO L, MICHEL PARÉ, FRANK L RICE FL, MCCLES- KEY E. ASIC3, an acid-sensing ion channel, is expressed in metaboreceptive sensory neurons. Molecular Pain 2005; 1:35 doi:10.1186/1744-8069- 1-35

SEUWEN K, LUDWIG MG, WOLF RM. Recep- tors for protons or lipid messengers or both?” J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2006; 26: 599–610.

HUANG CW, TZENG JN, CHEN YJ, TSAI WF, CHEN CC, SUN WH. Nociceptors of dorsal root ganglion express proton-sensing G-protein-cou- pled receptors, Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 36: 195–210.

WANG W,GU J, LI Y, AND TAO Y-X. Are volt- age-gated sodium channels on the dorsal root gan- glion involved in the development of neuropathic pain? Mol Pain 2011; 7: 16.

DAZA BARRIGA JS, PERTUZ DL. Canales de sodio voltaje dependientes y su participación en el estímulo nociceptivo. Dolor. Revista Oficial de la Asociación Colombiana para el Estudio del Dolor. 2009; 4, 83-104.

YU FH, CATTERALL WA. Overview of The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Family. Genome Biology 2003; 4: 207.1-207.7.

SAWYNOK J. Topical and Peripherally Acting Analgesics. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55: 1-20.

BENARROCH EE. Sodium Channels and Pain.

Neurology 2007; 68: 233-236.

WAXMAN SG, HAINS BC. Fire and Phantoms after Spinal Cord Injury: Na- Channels and Central Pain. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29: 207-221.

RUSH AM, CUMMINS TR. Multiple Sodium Channels and their Roles in Electrogenesis within Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. J Physiol 2007; 579:1-14

AMIR R, ARGOFF CE. The Role of Sodium Channels in Chronic Inflammatory and Neuro- pathic Pain. The Journal of Pain 2006; 7 (Suppl 3): S1-S2.

LAI J, GOLD MS, KIM CS, ET AL. Inhibition of Neuropathic Pain by Decreased Expression of the Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Channel, Nav1.8. Pain 2002; 95: 143-152.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.