Resumen
Los síntomas no motores son frecuentes en la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). La depresión, la ansiedad y la apatía son síntomas muy prevalentes en la población afectada. Estos síntomas han demostrado ser determinantes en el deterioro de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con EP y el resultado es un empeoramiento de su estado funcional y cognitivo, además de aumento en la mortalidad. Diversos sistemas de neurotransmisión, como el dopaminérgico y las vías serotoninérgicas y noradrenérgicas, pueden contribuir a la alta aparición de depresión en la EP. Existen varias escalas que sirven como herramientas para monitorizar cambios a lo largo del tiempo y determinar el efecto de las estrategias terapéuticas en estos pacientes. El abordaje terapéutico se puede enfocar desde el punto de vista farmacológico y no farmacológico. Antidepresivos tricíclicos, inhibidores de la recaptación de serotonina e inhibidores mixtos de serotonina y noradrenalina han demostrado efectividad. También hay reportes positivos de opciones no farmacológicas como la estimulación magnética transcraneal, la terapia cognitiva conductual y la cirugía de estimulación cerebral profunda. Sin embargo, estas últimas requieren más evidencia. La ansiedad se relaciona con empeoramiento de la sintomatología motora y frecuentemente se asocia a síndrome depresivo. Como tratamiento se utilizan habitualmente antidepresivos con perfil ansiolítico y benzodiazepinas. La apatía se asocia con edad avanzada, peor función cognitiva, aumento de los síntomas motores, discapacidad más grave y menor calidad de vida, con una mayor carga para el cuidador.
Citas
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