Resumen
OBJETIVO:Revisar la fisiopatología de las craneosinostosis y las deformidades posicionales del cráneo y analizar los tipos de tratamiento, especialmente las ortesis de moldeamiento craneal.
MÉTODOS:Revisión de la literatura de estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos y de revisión en la base de datos PubMed desde 1980 a 2018 y manual de los artículos no referenciados. Se utilizaron las palabras clave: craniosynostosis, plagiocephaly, nonsynostotic, skull, cranial, asociadas a: surgical treatment, pathophysiology, cognition, orthotic devices, head protective devices. El título y el resumen fueron analizados antes de solicitar el artículo completo. En el caso de que fueran ambiguos, se analizaron los artículos en su totalidad para determinar su pertinencia.
RESULTADOS:El tratamiento de las craneosinostosis es quirúrgico, mediante reconstrucción craneal, pero existe controversia respecto al manejo de deformidades posicionales: cambios de posición supervisados u ortesis de moldeamiento craneal. Aunque la corrección del defecto estético es recomendación principal de las ortesis, se discute la influencia que puede haber sobre el desarrollo cognitivo y motor, trastornos visuales, hipertensión endocraneana y defectos ortognáticos. No existen diferencias con el manejo de cambios de posición supervisada en la modificación del índice craneal. Algunos pacientes mejoran espontáneamente cuando adquieren el sostén cefálico y empiezan a incorporarse. Existen además complicaciones con las ortesis que pueden llegar a ser serias.
CONCLUSIÓN:No se recomienda la utilización de medidas restrictivas como las ortesis de moldeamiento craneal para el tratamiento de estos pacientes con deformidades posicionales craneanas. La cirugía reconstructiva es el manejo de elección para las craneosinostosis.
Citas
Ifflaender S, Rüdiger M, Konstantelos D, Wahls K, Burkhardt W Prevalence of head deformities in preterm infants at term equivalent age. Early Hum Dev 2013;89(12):1041-7.
Bialocerkowski AE, Vladusic SL, Wei Ng C. Prevalence, risk factors, and natural history of positional plagiocephaly: A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(8):577-86.
Branch LG, Kesty K, Krebs E, Wright L, Leger S, David LR. Argenta clinical classification of deformational plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(3):606-10.
Forrest CR, Hopper RA. Craniofacial syndromes and surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(1):86-109.
Nagy L, Demke JC. Craniofacial anomalies. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2014;22(4):523-48.
Ursitti F, Fadda T, Papetti L, Pagnoni M, Nicita F, Iannetti G, et al. Evaluation and management of nonsyndromic cranio-synostosis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2011;100(9):1185-94.
Aleck K. Craniosynostosis syndromes in the genomic era. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(4):256-61.
Di Rocco F, Arnaud E, Renier D. Evolution in the frequency of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;4(1):21-5.
Johnson D, Wilkie AOM. Craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19(4):369-76.
Ridgway EB, Weiner HL. Skull deformities. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51(2):359-87.
Mehta VA, Bettegowda C, Jallo GI, Ahn ES. The evolution of surgical management for craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;29(6):E5.
Pagnoni M, Fadda MT, Spalice A, Amodeo G, Ursitti F, Mitro V, et al. Surgical timing of craniosynostosis: What to do and when. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 2014;42(5):513-9.
Von Sommering ST. Vom Baue des Menschlichen Korpers. Frankfurt am Main: Varrentrapp und Wenner; 1801.
Wilhelm OA. Lehrbuch der Pathologischen Anatomie des Menschen und der Thiere. 1830.
Virchow R. Über den Kretinismus namentlich in Franken, and uber pathologische Schadelformen. Verh Phys Med Gesellsch. 1851;2:230.
Park EA, Powers GF. Acrocephaly and scaphocephaly with symmetrically distributed malformations of the extremities. A study of the so-called "acrocephalosyndactylism". Am J Dis Child. 1920;20:235e-315.
Moss ML. Growth of the calvaria in the rat; the determinants of osseous morphology. Am J Anat. 1954;94:333-61.
Moss ML. The pathogenesis of premature cranial synostosis in man. Acta Anat. 1959;37:351-70.
Cohen M, MacLean RE, editores. Craniosynostosis. Diagnosis, evaluation and management. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
Cohen M. Etiopathogenesis of craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1991;2(3):507-13.
Graham JM, Badura R, Smith DW. Coronal craniosteno-sis: Fetal head constraint as one possible cause. Pediatrics. 1980;65(5):995-9.
Graham JM, Smith DW. Metopic craniostenosis as a consequence of fetal head constraint: two interesting experiments of nature. Pediatrics. 1980;65(5):1000-2.
Miller RI, Clarren SK. Long-term developmental outcomes in patients with deformational plagiocephaly. Pediatrics. 2000;105(2):e26-e26.
Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A genetic-pathophysiological framework for craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;97(3):359-77.
Holmes G, Rothschild G, Roy UB, Deng C, Mansukhani A, Basilico C. Early onset of craniosynostosis in an apert mouse model reveals critical features of this pathology. Dev biol. 2009;15(2):273-84.
Merrill AE, Bochukova EG, Brugger SM, Ishii M, Pilz DT, Wall SA, et al. Cell mixing at a neural crest-mesoderm boundary and deficient ephrin-Eph signaling in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(8):1319-28.
Rekate HL. Occipital plagiocephaly: a critical review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:24-30.
Knight SJ, Anderson VA, Meara JG, Da Costa AC. Early neurodevelopment in infants with deformational plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(4):1225-8.
Peitsch WK, Keefer CH, LaBrie RA, Mulliken JB. Incidence of cranial asymmetry in healthy newborns. Pediatrics. 2002;110(6):e72-e72.
Kane AA, Mitchell LE, Craven KP, Marsh JL. Observations on a recent increase in plagiocephaly without synostosis. Pediatrics. 1996;97(6 Pt 1):877-85.
Badve CA, Mallikarjunappa MK, Iyer RS, Ishak GE, Khanna PC. Craniosynostosis: Imaging review and primer on computed tomography. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43(6):728-42.
Medina LS. Three-dimensional CT maximum intensity projections of the calvaria: A new approach for diagnosis of cranio-synostosis and fractures. Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(10):1951-4.
Dec W, Warren SM. Current concepts in deformational pla-giocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(1):6-8.
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Task force on infant positioning and SIDS: Positioning and SIDS. Pediatrics. 1992;89(6 Pt 1):1120-6.
Littlefield TR, Saba NM, Kelly KM. On the current incidence of deformational plagiocephaly: An estimation based on prospective registration at a single center. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(4):301-4.
Boere-Boonekamp MM, van der Linden-Kuiper LT. Positional preference: prevalence in infants and follow-up after two years. Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):339-43.
Mulliken JB, Vander Woude DL, Hansen M, LaBrie RA, Scott M. Analysis of posterior plagiocephaly. Deformational vs. synostotic. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103(2):371-80.
Hutchison BL, Thompson JMD, Mitchell EA. Determinants of nonsynostotic plagiocephaly: a case-control study. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):e316-e316.
Branch LG, Kesty K, Krebs E, Wright L, Leger S, David LR. Deformational plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis: Trends in diagnosis and treatment after the "Back to Sleep" campaign. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(1):147-50.
The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics. 2005;116(5):1245-55.
Argenta L. Clinical classification of positional plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15(3):368-72.
Schaller BJ, Filis A, Merten HA, Buchfelder M. Premature cra-niosynostosis - The role of skull base surgery in its correction. A surgical and radiological experience of 172 operated infants/ children. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 2012;40(3):195-200.
Lekovic GP, Bristol RE, Rekate HL. Cognitive impact of craniosynostosis. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(4):305-10.
Shamji MF, Fric-Shamji EC, Merchant P, Vassilyadi M. Cosmetic and cognitive outcomes of positional plagiocephaly treatment. Clin Investig Med. 2012;35(5).
Lekovic GP, Baker B, Lekovic JM, Preul MC. New world cranial deformation practices: Historical implications for pathophysi-ology of cognitive impairment in deformational plagiocephaly. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(6):1137-46.
Loveday BP, De Chalain TB. Active counterpositioning or orthotic device to treat positional plagiocephaly? J Craniofac Surg. 2001;12(4):308-13.
Davis B, Moon R, Sachs H, Ottolini M. Effects of sleep position on infant motor development. Pediatrics. 1998;102(5):1135-40.
Balan P, Kushnerenko E, Sahlin P, Huotilainen M, Nããtãnen R, Hukki J. Auditory ERPs reveal brain dysfunction in infants with plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2002;13(4):520-5.
Dingwall EJ. Artificial Cranial Deformation: A contribution to the study of ethnic mutilations. Londres: John Bales, Sons & Danielson; 1931.
Gerszten PC. An investigation into the practice of cranial deformation among the Pre-Columbian peoples of northern Chile. Int J Osteoarchaeol. 1993;3(2):87-98.
Goodrich J, Tutino M. An annotated history of craniofacial surgery and intentional cranial deformation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2001;12(1):45-68.
Coe MD, Koontz R. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. Nueva York: Thames & Hudson; 2002.
Wilford JN. Mother culture, or only a sister? The New York Times; 2005.
Tiesler V. Head shaping and dental decoration among the ancient Maya: Archaeological and cultural aspects. Presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Chicago.
Hussein MA, Woo T, Yun IS, Park H, Kim YO. Analysis of the correlation between deformational plagiocephaly and neurodevelopmental delay. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg. 2018;71(1):112-7.
Wermke K, Linz C, Hasenberg A, Kunz F, Meyer-Marcotty P, Schweitzer T. Six month-old infants with deformational plagio-cephaly do not differ from unaffected infants with respect to vocal control. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;102:15-20.
Linz C, Schweitzer T, Brenner LC, Kunz F, Meyer-Marcotty P, Wermke K. Does shape affect function? Articulatory skills in babbling of infants with deformational plagiocephaly. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(3):503-10.
Panchal J, Amirsheybani H, Gurwitch R, Cook V, Francel P, Neas B, et al. Neurodevelopment in children with single-suture craniosynostosis and plagiocephaly without synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(6):1492-8.
Kapp-Simon KA. Mental development and learning disorders in children with single suture craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998;35(3):197-203.
Ricci D, Vasco G, Baranello G, Salerni A, Amante R, Tamburrini G, et al. Visual function in infants with non-syndromic craniosynostosis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(8):574-6.
Knudsen E, Maltese G, Tarnow P, Tovetjàrn R, Kolby L. Parental estimation of early psychological development in children operated on for single suture synostosis. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2012;46(3-4):152-4.
Morris L. Management of craniosynostosis. Facial Plast Surg. 2016;32(2):123-32.
Bristol RE, Lekovic GP, Rekate HL. The effects of cranio-synostosis on the brain with respect to intracranial pressure. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(4):262-7.
Renier D, Sainte-Rose C, Marchac D, Hirsch J-F. Intra-cranial pressure changes in craniostenosis. J Neurosurg. 1982;57(9):370-7.
Lee HQ, Hutson JM, Wray AC, Lo PA, Chong DK, Holmes AD, et al. Analysis of morbidity and mortality in surgical management of craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(5):1256-61.
Whitaker LA, Bartlett SP, Schut L, Bruce D. Craniosynostosis: An analysis of the timing, treatment, and complications in 164 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;80(2):195-212.
Seruya M, Oh AK, Boyajian MJ, Posnick JC, Myseros JS, Yaun AL, et al. Long-term outcomes of primary craniofacial reconstruction for craniosynostosis: A 12-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(6):2397-406.
Honeycutt JH. Endoscopic-assisted craniosynostosis surgery. Semin Plast Surg. 2014;28(3):144-9.
Jimenez DF, Barone CM. Early treatment of coronal synostosis with endoscopy-assisted craniectomy and postoperative cranial orthosis therapy: 16-year experience. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013;12(3):207-19.
Kung TA, Vercler CJ, Muraszko KM, Buchman SR. Endo-scopic strip craniectomy for craniosynostosis: Do we really understand the indications, outcomes, and risks? J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(2):293-8.
Wilbrand JF, Wilbrand M, Malik CY, Howaldt HP, Streckbein P, Schaaf H, et al. Complications in helmet therapy. J Cranio- Maxillofacial Surg. 2012;40(4):341-6.
Sood S, Rozzelle A, Shaqiri B, Sood N, Ham SD. Effect of molding helmet on head shape in nonsurgically treated sagittal craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;7(6):627-32.
Marupudi NI, Sood S, Rozzelle A, Ham SD. Effect of molding helmets on intracranial pressure and head shape in nonsurgi-cally treated sagittal craniosynostosis patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(2):207-12.
De Ribaupierre S, Vernet O, Rilliet B, Cavin B, Kalina D, Leyvraz PF. Posterior positional plagiocephaly treated by cranial remodelling orthosis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007;137(25-26):368-72.
Van Wijk RM, Van Vlimmeren LA, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CGM, Van Der Ploeg CPB, Jzerman MJI, Boere-Boonekamp MM. Helmet therapy in infants with positional skull deformation: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2014;348:g2741.
Laughlin J, Luerssen TG, Dias MS. Prevention and management of positional skull deformities in infants. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):1236-41.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.