Resumen
Introducción: la exposición al veneno de animales produce efectos clínicos, cuyas características y gravedad variarán según el animal, la cantidad de veneno inoculado y los factores del paciente. Algunas toxinas tienen la capacidad de afectar de manera directa (o a través de mecanismos indirectos) el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso central, periférico o autónomo.
Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda no sistemática en bases de datos referenciales, de literatura médica y científica disponible sobre el envenenamiento por animales y sus manifestaciones neurológicas. Se recopilaron datos de casos clínicos, estudios de laboratorio, revisiones sistemáticas y revisiones de tema sobre la fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos envenenamientos.
Resultados: las neurotoxinas presentes en el veneno de serpientes, escorpiones, arañas y animales marinos puede causar una variada gama de síntomas neurológicos, desde dolor localizado hasta disfunción autonómica, convulsiones, parálisis e insuficiencia respiratoria. Además, prácticamente no existen datos del comportamiento de este tipo de envenenamientos en Colombia.
Discusión: la identificación temprana, el conocimiento de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes y el manejo adecuado del envenenamiento por animales son fundamentales para mejorar el pronóstico y la recuperación de los pacientes afectados. El tratamiento incluye el uso de antivenenos específicos, medidas de soporte según la naturaleza y la gravedad del envenenamiento.
Conclusiones: se deben implementar líneas de investigación, entrenamiento y recursos para mejorar la capacidad de los profesionales de la salud en el abordaje integral del envenenamiento por animales, así como conocer las especies que habitan el territorio colombiano, sus toxinas y las características clínicas de su envenenamiento, con miras a mejorar el pronóstico y la recuperación de estos pacientes.
Citas
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