Neurobiología del TDAH
PDF (Español)

Keywords

attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
dopamine (Acta Neurol Colomb 2006;22:184-189).

Abstract

Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity is a neurobiological disorder characterized by three symptoms: attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Biological and environmental factors determine clinical manifestations. It concerns between 8-10 per cent of school population, being more frequent in male children (3:1). In attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, great phenotypic variability exists, as well as great comorbility. Prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, fronto-estriatals circuits and cerebellum plays an important role in patophysiology. Electroencephalographic pattern show an increase of theta activity. Sleep can also present anomalies. Evoked cognitive potentials reveal an alteration of the cognitive processing and a dysfunction of atencional mechanisms. Biochemical theory is based on the hypothesis of the catecholamines. New offers of this theory emphasize the fundamental role of the dopamine and the norepinephrine. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity is polygenic; some of the candidates are the gene carrier gene of norepinephrine (NET1), the gene D1 of dopamine (DRD1), the gene carrier of the DAT1 dopamine and the D 4 receptor (DRD4).

PDF (Español)

References

Miranda A, Jarque S, Soriano M. Trastorno de hiperactividad con déficit de atención: polémicas actuales acerca de su definición, epidemiología, bases etiológicas y aproximaciones a la intervención. Rev Neurol 1999; 28 (Supl 2): S182-S188.

Still GF. The Coulstonian lectures: some abnormal physical conditions in children; Lecture II. Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians. London; 1902.

Clements SD. Minimal brain dysfunction in children. Terminology and Identification (USPH Publication Nº 1415). Washington: Government Printing Office; 1966.

Douglas V. Stop, look and listen: the problem of sustained attention impulse control in hyperactive and normal children. Can J Behav Sci 1972; 4: 159-82.

Mediavilla-García C. Neurobiología del trastorno de hiperactividad. Rev Neurol 2003; 36: 555-65.

Castellanos FX, Acosta MT. El síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad como expresión de un trastorno funcional orgánico. Rev Neurol 2002; 35: 1-11.

Sell-Salazar F. Síndrome de hiperactividad y déficit de atención. Rev Neurol 2003; 37: 353-8.

Pascual-Castroviejo I. Enfermedad comórbida del síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Rev Neurol 2002; 35:11-17.

Reiss AL, Abrams MT, Singer HS, Ross JL, Denckla MB. Brain development, gender and IQ in children. A volumetric imaging study. Brain 1996; 119: 1763-74.

Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey AR, Eliopulos D. Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 919-26.

Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, et al. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 607-16.

Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J. Volumetric MRI analysis comparing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal controls. Neurology 1997; 48:589-601.

Overmeyer S, Bullmore ET, Suckling J, Simmons A, Williams SCR, Santosh PJ, et al. Distributed grey and white matter deficits in hyperkinetic disorder: MRI evidence for anatomical abnormality in an attentional network. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 1425-35.

Pueyo R, Mañeru C, Vendrell P, Mataró M, Estévez-González A, García-Sánchez C, et al. Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Asimetrías cerebrales observadas en resonancia magnética. Rev Neurol 2000; 30: 290-5.

Nopoulos P, Berg S, Castellanos FX, Delgado A, Andreasen NC, Rapoport JL. Developmental brain anormalies in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 2000; 15: 102-8.

Solanto MV. Clinical Psychopharmacology of AD/HD: implications for animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24:27-30.

Berquin PC, Giedd JN, Jacobsen LK, Hamburger SD, Krain AL, Rapoport JL, et al. The cerebellum in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a morphometric study. Neurology 1998; 50: 1087-93.

Carmona S, Vilarroya O, Bielsa A, Tremols V, Soliva JC, Rovira M, et al. Global and regional gray matter reductions in ADHD: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neurosci Lett 2005; 389: 88-93.

Mulas F, Capilla A, Fernández S, Etchepareborda MC, Campo P, Maestu F, et al. Shifting-related brain magnetic activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 8.

Silberstein RB, Farrow M, Levy F, Pipingas A, Hay DA, Jarman FC. Functional brain electrical activity mapping in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 1105-12.

Baving L, Laucht M, Schmidt MH. Atypical frontal brain activation in ADHD: preschool and elementary school boys and girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1363-71.

Pliszka SR, Liotti M, Woldorff MG. Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:238-46.

Satterfield JH, Schell AM, Backs RW, Hidaka KC. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of age effects of electrophysiological measures in hyperactive and normal children. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19:973-90.

Boutros N, Fraenkel L, Feingold A. A four-step approach for developing diagnostic tests in psychiatry: EEG in ADHD as a test case. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 17: 455-64.

Hermens DF, Kohn MR, Clarke SD, Gordon E, Williams LM. Sex differences in adolescent ADHD: findings from concurrent EEG and EDA. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 1455-63.

O’Brien LM, Gozal D. Sleep in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Minerva Pediatr 2004; 56: 585-601.

Philipsen A, Feige B, Hesslinger B, Ebert D, Carl C, Hornyak M et al. Sleep in adults with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled polysomnographic study including spectral analysis of the sleep EEG. Sleep 2005; 28:877-84.

Stepanova I, Nevsimalova S, Hanusova J. Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood. Sleep 2005; 28:851-7.

Castañeda-Cabrero C, Lorenzo-Sanz G, Caro- Martinez E, Galán-Sánchez JM, Sáez-Álvarez J, Quintana- Aparicio P, et al. Alteraciones electroencefalográficas en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Rev Neurol 2003; 37: 904-8.

Idiazábal-Alecha MA, Palencia-Taboada AB, Sangorrín J, Espadaler-Gamissans JM. Potenciales evocados cognitivos en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Rev Neurol 2002; 34: 301-5.

Idiazábal-Alecha MA, Rodríguez-Vázquez S, Guerrero-Gallo D, Vicent-Sardinero X. Utilidad de los potenciales evocados cognitivos en la valoración de la efectividad del tratamiento con metilfenidato en niños con trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactiviadad. Rev Neurol 2005; 40 (Supl 1): S37-S42.

Smeyers P. Estudios de potenciales evocados en niños con síndrome por déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Rev Neurol 1999; 28 (Supl 2):S173-6.

Castellanos FX. Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr 1997; 36: 381-93.

Arnsten AF, Steere JC, Hunt RD. The contribution of alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanisms of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Potential significance for attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 448-55.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Jetton JG, Tsuang MT. Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 291-300.

Kuntsi J, Stevenson J. A behaviour genetic analysis of psychological processes underlying hyperactivity. Paper presented 9th Eunethydis Meeting. 14th-15th November. London; 1998.

Gillis JJ, Gilger JW, Pennington BF, DeFries JC. Attention deficit disorder in reading-disabled twins: evidence for a genetic etiology. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992; 20: 303-15.

Comings DE. Clinical and molecular genetics of ADHD and Tourette syndrome. Two related polygenic disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 931: 50-83.

Cook EH, Stein MA. Krasowski MD, et al. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56:993-8.

LaHoste GJ, Swanson JM, Wigal S, et al. Dopamine D4receptorgene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 121-4.

Bobb AJ, Addington AM, Sidransky E, Gornick MC, Lerch JP, Greenstein DK, et al. Support for association between ADHD and two candidate genes: NET1 and DRD1. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 134:67-72.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.