Resumen
Introducción. La atrofia multisistémica (AMS) es una enfermedad degenerativa caracterizada por disautonomías y síntomas cerebelosos (AMS-C) o parkinsonismo (AMS-PK). El diagnóstico diferencial de la AMS-PK con otros parkinsonismos es difícil, por lo cual se requiere una ayuda paraclínica para soportar el diagnóstico clínico. La degeneración del núcleo de Onuf, exclusiva de esta enfermedad, podría sugerir que la presencia de denervación en el esfínter anal podría ser tomada en cuenta como criterio diagnóstico de AMS.
Objetivos. Determinar la utilidad de la electromiografía de esfínter anal (EMG-EA) en el diagnóstico diferencial de AMS contra otros parkinsonismos.
Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, en la cual se incluyen 17 estudios que analizaron los resultados de la EMG-EA en pacientes con AMS. De éstos, 11 estudios fueron analíticos y compararon pacientes con AMS y otros parkinsonismos. Los 6 estudios restantes fueron descriptivos.
Resultados. La duración de los potenciales de unidad motora (PUM) es significativamente mayor en pacientes con AMS comparados con otros parkinsonismos, utilizar un punto de corte superior a 13 ms muestra características operativas que hacen a este parámetro potencialmente útil. Sólo un estudio encontró diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de PUM polifásicos, el cual tuvo una sensibilidad y especificidad clínicamente útil cuando el punto de corte es mayor a 60%. El resto de los estudios no reportaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes parkinsonismos.
Conclusiones. La literatura disponible apunta a la potencial utilidad de la EMG-EA en el diagnóstico diferencial de la AMS de otros parkinsonismos; sin embargo es necesario realizar más estudios para solventar las limitaciones metodológicas existentes.
Citas
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