Resumen
Introducción: la disbiosis intestinal ha sido reconocida como un factor relevante en la etiología de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos, como la depresión y la ansiedad; aunque la relación entre una microbiota intestinal alterada y estos trastornos está bien documentada, los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes aún no se comprenden completamente. Este estudio revisa la literatura reciente para analizar las vías biológicas que podrían explicar esta conexión.
Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura disponible en bases de datos biomédicas, seleccionando estudios que abordan la relación entre disbiosis intestinal y trastornos afectivos. Se clasificaron los mecanismos implicados en tres categorías: la vía vagal, la permeabilidad intestinal y los efectos de metabolitos bacterianos. Se incluyeron estudios en modelos animales y humanos.
Resultados: la revisión identificó que la disbiosis intestinal afecta al sistema nervioso central a través de tres mecanismos principales: la vía vagal que actúa como un puente entre la microbiota intestinal y el cerebro; la permeabilidad intestinal aumentada que permite la translocación de productos; y los metabolitos bacterianos, como el lipopolisacárido, que inducen neuroinflamación y alteraciones en la neurotransmisión.
Discusión: los resultados sugieren que la disbiosis intestinal desempeña un papel crucial en la modulación de la inflamación sistémica y cerebral, lo que contribuye a la aparición de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. La alteración de la barrera intestinal y los efectos de los metabolitos bacterianos son elementos clave en esta relación.
Conclusiones: la disbiosis intestinal y las alteraciones en el eje cerebro-intestino son determinantes en la manifestación de trastornos afectivos, destacando el potencial de la microbiota como objetivo terapéutico en el manejo de la depresión y la ansiedad.
Citas
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