Resumen
El síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es un trastorno sensitivo y motor en el que el paciente refiere un deseo incontenible de mover las extremidades, que puede estar acompañado por una sensación desagradable, mal definida, y hasta en el 50 % de los casos con dolor, difícil de ubicar en un punto específico, y que inicialmente se manifiesta en las piernas. Se presenta principalmente en las noches impidiendo el sueño y subsecuentemente afectando la calidad de vida del paciente. Clásicamente se divide en síndrome de piernas inquietas primario y secundario, por la presencia o no de enfermedades concomitantes relacionadas con el tratamiento y pronóstico del SPI. Esta enfermedad tiene una incidencia en la población general de 9 a 22 pacientes por cada 1.000 personas al año (equivalente a 1,7 % por año); con una prevalencia de 5-13 % de la población general. El diagnóstico del SPI se realiza mediante el uso de los criterios establecidos por el Grupo Internacional de Estudio de SPI, divididos en esenciales y de soporte. Su tratamiento tiene como piedra angular a los agonistas dopaminérgicos, y otros medicamentos como el gabapentin enacarbil que han ganado terreno en los últimos años. La importancia del conocimiento de la enfermedad radica en el impacto negativo que ejerce sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados en general, y el aumento de la mortalidad en los pacientes con comorbilidad de enfermedad renal terminal en particular. Su diagnóstico es clínico y debe buscarse como causa de insomnio.
Citas
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