El trastorno neurológico funcional: modelos explicativos y aportes de las psicoterapias
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22379/anc.2099Palabras clave:
Trastorno Neurológico Funcional, Trastorno de Conversión, Psicoterapia, Diagnóstico, Clasificación, Modelos explicativosResumen
Introducción: el trastorno neurológico funcional (TNF) es una condición clínica caracterizada por síntomas motores, sensoriales o cognitivos genuinamente experimentados y caracterizados por la presencia de signos clínicos positivos de inconsistencia interna. Se asocia frecuentemente a discapacidad significativa y elevado uso de recursos sanitarios. Esta revisión sintetiza los modelos explicativos actuales y el aporte de psicoterapias con apoyo empírico al tratamiento de esta condición.
Contenido de la revisión: se realizó una revisión clínica narrativa orientada a la práctica clínica, integrando clasificación nosográfica (DSM-5-TR y CIE-11), subtipos clínicos frecuentes y modelos explicativos. Se focalizó específicamente en las intervenciones psicoterapéuticas desarrolladas para el tratamiento del TNF.
Se describieron las distintas presentaciones del TNF y se halló que los modelos explicativos se organizan en factores predisponentes-precipitantes y perpetuantes e incluyen tanto aspectos neurobiológicos como procesos cognitivos, conductuales e interpersonales y sociales. En cuanto al tratamiento, se sintetizaron los abordajes con evidencia empírica: modelos basados en la terapia cognitivo-conductual, terapias psicodinámicas/interpersonales breves, programas basados en mindfulness/terapias de tercera ola, exposición prolongada (cuando coexiste trastorno de estrés postraumático) y enfoques somáticos y familiares en población infanto-juvenil (por ejemplo: terapia de reentrenamiento y control).
Conclusiones: la evidencia apoya un enfoque interdisciplinario y personalizado según fenotipo, comorbilidades y factores perpetuantes. Se destaca la necesidad de estudios clínicos más robustos con seguimiento a corto y largo plazo.
Biografía del autor/a
María Marta Areco Pico, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Guido Pablo Korman, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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