Más allá de la simulación: diferenciación entre trastornos neurológicos funcionales y facticios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22379/anc.2080Palabras clave:
Trastornos de conversión, Simulación de enfermedad, Manifestaciones neurológicas, Neurología, Psiquiatría, Trastornos disociativosResumen
Introducción: La diferenciación entre los trastornos neurológicos funcionales (TNF), los trastornos facticios y la simulación continúa siendo un desafío diagnóstico con importantes implicaciones clínicas, éticas y médico-legales. La persistencia de conceptos erróneos favorece el estigma y conduce a decisiones terapéuticas inadecuadas.
Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia disponible para establecer los principales criterios clínicos, neurobiológicos y diagnósticos que permiten diferenciar los TNF de los trastornos facticios y la simulación, considerando además los desafíos propios del contexto latinoamericano.
Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en PubMed de publicaciones en inglés y español (2000-2025) relacionadas con nosología, epidemiología, neurobiología, herramientas diagnósticas, tratamiento y abordaje diferencial. Se seleccionaron artículos por su relevancia conceptual y diversidad de perspectivas clínicas y socioculturales.
Resultados: La evidencia respalda que los TNF constituyen una entidad clínica genuina e involuntaria, diferenciable de los trastornos facticios y la simulación por sus mecanismos neurobiológicos, la ausencia de intencionalidad y la presencia de signos neurológicos positivos. El diagnóstico debe sustentarse en la integración de la historia clínica, la exploración neurológica y el contexto del paciente, evitando interpretaciones basadas exclusivamente en la sospecha de engaño. Asimismo, se identifican estrategias terapéuticas específicas y desafíos diagnósticos particulares en América Latina.
Discusión: La diferenciación adecuada requiere un enfoque afirmativo, multidisciplinario y culturalmente sensible, que reduzca la iatrogenia, fortalezca la relación médico-paciente y favorezca un manejo basado en evidencia.
Conclusión: El reconocimiento preciso de las diferencias entre TNF, trastornos facticios y simulación optimiza el diagnóstico y tratamiento, disminuye el estigma y promueve una atención ética, integral y centrada en el paciente.
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