Resumen
Las distonías que se generan por una causa específica (secundaria), son menos frecuentes que las distonías primarias (genéticas). Las causas son multifactoriales, incluyendo lesiones puntuales en alguna estructura cerebral, así como toxinas, medicamentos o infecciones.
Citas
Jankovic, Joseph, and Eduardo Tolosa, eds. Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
Loher T, Krauss J K. Dystonia associated with pontomesencephalic lesions. Mov Disord. 2009; 24(2):157-67. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1002/mds.22196
Okun MS, Nadeau SE, Rossi F, Triggs WJ. Immobilization dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2002;01(1):79-83.
Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, Elia AE, Elibol B, Filippini G, Gasser T, Krauss JK. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(1):5-18. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x
Matsumoto, Hemstreet MK, Lai NL, Thurkauf A, De Costa BR, Rice KC. Drug specificity of pharmacological dystonia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990;36(1):151-55.
Balash Y, Giladi N. Efficacy of pharmacological treatment of dystonia: evidence-based review including meta-analysis of the effect of botulinum toxin and other cure options. European J Neurol. 2004;11(6):361-70. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00845.x
Zhang JG, Zhang K, Wang ZC, Ge M, Ma Y. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of secondary dystonia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006;11(9):2069-74.
Bonuccelli U, Nocchiero A, Napolitano A, Paoletti AM, Melis GB, Corsini GU. Domperidone-induced acute dystonia and polycystic ovary syndrome. Mov Disord. 1991:6(1):79-81. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1002/mds.870060116
Ornadel D, Barnes EA, Dick DJ. Acute dystonia due to ami-triptyline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992: 55(5):414.
Graudins A, Fern RP. Acute dystonia in a child associated with therapeutic ingestion of a dextromethorphan containing cough and cold syrup. J Toxicol Clin. 1996;34(3):351-52.
Neumann WJha A, Bock A, Huebl J, Horn a, Schneider JH, et al. Corticopallidal oscillatory connectivity in patients with dystonia. Brain. 2009;138(7):1894-906. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1093/brain/awv109
Eltahawy HA, Saint-Cyr J, Giladi N, Lang AE, Lozano AM. Primary dystonia is more responsive than secondary dystonia to pallidal interventions: outcome after pallidotomy or pallidal deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(3):613-21.
Narbona J, Obeso JA, Tunon, T Martinez-Lage JM, Marsden CD. Hemidystonia secondary to localised basal ganglia tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47(7):704-09.
Burke RE, Fahn S. Gold AP. Delayed-onset dystonia in patients with "static" encephalopathy. J Neurol Psychiatry. 1980;43(9):789-97.
Phukan J, Albanese A, Gasser T, Warner T. Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(12):1074-85. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70232-0
Segawa M, Nomura Y. Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. In Parkinson's Disease. From Clinical Aspects to Molecular. Basis. 1991;(pp. 167-177). Springer Vienna.
Foltynie T, Brayne C, Barker RA. The heterogeneity of idio-pathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2002;249(2):138-45.
Grundmann K. Primary torsion dystonia. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(4):682-85. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.4.682
Pons R, Ford B, Chiriboga CA, Clayton PT, Hinton V, Hyland K, et al. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Clinical features, treatment, and prognosis. Neurology. 2004;62(7):1058-65.
Brun L, Ngu LH, Keng WT, Ch'ng GS, Choy YS, Hwu WL, et al. Clinical and biochemical features of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. Neurology. 2010;75(1):64-71. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e620ae
Quinn NP. Essential myoclonus and myoclonus dystonia. Mov Disord.1996;11(2):119-24. http://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870110202
Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP, Fernandez-Alvarez E, Filippini G, Gasser TA. Systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES task force. European journal of neurology. 2006; 13(5):433-444.
Novotny EJ, Singh G, Wallace DC, Dorfman LJ, Louis A, Sogg RL, et al. Leber's disease and dystonia A mitochondrial disease. Neurology. 1986;36(8):1053-1053.
Uc EY, Rodnitzky RL. Childhood dystonia. Seminars in pediatric neurology. 2013;10(1):52-61.
Hagenah JM, Zühlke C, Hellenbroich Y, Heide W, Klein C. Focal dystonia as a presenting sign of spinocerebellar ataxia 17. Mov Disord. 2004;19(2):217-20. http://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10600
Horvath R, Holinski-Feder E, Neeve V, Pyle A, Griffin H, Ashok D, Nürnberg P. A new phenotype of brain iron accumulation with dystonia, optic atrophy, and peripheral neuropathy. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6): 789-93. http://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24980
Swerdlow RH, Wooten GF. A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(4):537-40.
Darras BT, Ampola MG, Dietz WH, Gilmore HE. Intermittent dystonia in Hartnup disease. Pediatr Neurol. 1989;5(2):118-20.
Chinnery PF, Crompton DE, Birchall D, Jackson MJ, Coulthard A. Clinical features and natural history of neuroferritinopathy caused by the FTL1 460InsA mutation. Brain. 2007 Jan;130(Pt 1):110-9
Lang AE. Psychogenic dystonia: a review of 18 cases. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995;22(2):136-43.
Fahn S. Psychogenic movement disorders. In Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment 2001;375-384. Blackwell, New York.
Factor SA, Podskalny GD, Molho ES. Psychogenic movement disorders: frequency, clinical profile, and characteristics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59(4):406-12.
Geyer HL, Bressman SB. The diagnosis of dystonia. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(9):780-90.
Montagna P. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia and nocturnal wandering. Neurology. 1992;42(Suppl 6): 61-67.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.