Abstract
The spectrum of neurological manifestations secondary to infection by the family of viruses Herpesviridae is heterogeneous depending on environmental factors, susceptibility host immunological (infection for life), genetic susceptibility among other variables. Thus, the compromise can be fatal in the absence of prompt diagnosis and treatment. He objective of reviewing neuroinfection by Herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2) and virus varicella zoster (VVZ) is to delve into those clinical manifestations that generate central and peripheral nervous system involvement, seeks to detect and confirm early, and likewise establish an adequate therapeutic approach that depends on the clinical commitment, ultimately minimizing long-term neurological complications and sequelae term.
References
Steiner I, Benninger F. Manifestations of herpes virus infections in the nervous system. Neurol Clin. 2018;36(4):725-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2018.06.005.
Virus del herpes simple [Internet]. OMS; 2020 [citado 5 enero 2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus
.
Rabinstein A. Herpes virus encephalitis in adults: current knowledge and old myths. Neurol Clin. 2017;35(4):695-705. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2017.06.006.
Tique V, Mattar S, Freire M, Illia E, Camargo F, Vergara O, et al. Epidemiological surveillance of herpes viral encephalitis in Cordoba, Colombia. Rev Salud Pública. 2016;18(4):581-91. doi: 10.15446/rsap.v18n4.47517.
Marcocci M, Napoletani G, Protto V, Kolesova O, Piacentini R, Li Puma D, Lomonte P, Grassi C, Palamara A, De Chiara G. Herpes simplex virus-1 in the brain: the dark side of a sneaky infection. Trends Microbiol. 2020;28(10):808-20. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.003.
Agelidis A, Shukla D. Cell entry mechanisms of HSV: what we have learned in recent years. Future Virol. 2015;10(10):1145-54. doi: 10.2217/fvl.15.85.
Menendez C, Carr D. Defining nervous system susceptibility during acute and latent herpes simplex virus-1 infection. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;308:43-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.020.
Doll J, Thompson R, Sawtell N. Infectious herpes simplex virus in the brain stem is correlated with reactivation in the trigeminal ganglia. J Virol. 2019;93(8):e02209-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02209-18.
Tonomura Y, Kataoka H, Yata N, Kawahara M, Okuchi K, Ueno S. A successfully treated case of herpes simplex encephalitis complicated by subarachnoid bleeding: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2010;4(310):1-4. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-310.
Baldwin K, Cummings C. Herpesvirus Infections of the nervous system. Minneap Minn. 2018;24(5):1349-69. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000661.
Hauer L, Pikija S, Schulte E, Sztriha L, Nardone R, Sellner J. Cerebrovascular manifestations of herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system: a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:19. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1409-4.
Sili U, Kaya A, Mert A; HSV Encephalitis Study Group. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome in 106 adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2014;60(2):112-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv2014.03.010.
Moon S, Kim T, Lee E, Kang J, Lee S, Choi S. Comparison of clinical manifestations, outcomes and cerebrospinal fluid findings between herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 central nervous system infections in adults. J Med Virol. 2014;86(10):1766-71. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23999.
Bradshaw M, Venkatesan A. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(3):493-508. doi: 10.1007/s13311-016-0433-7.
Skripuletz T, Pars K, Schulte A, et al. Varicella zoster virus infections in neurological patients: a clinical study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(238):1-11. 15. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3137-2.
Stahl J, Mailles A. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis update. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019;32(3):239-43. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000554.
Sellner J, Trinka E. Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management. J Neurol. 2012;259(10):2019-30. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6494-6.
Berger J, Houff S. Neurological complications of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(5):596-600. doi: 10.1001/archneur.65.5.596.
Zárate C, Vélez J. Meningitis de Mollaret: reporte de caso. Infect. 2013;17(2):103-5. doi: 10.1016/S0123-9392(13)70169-3.
Tyler K. Acute viral encephalitis. N EnglJ Med. 2018;379(6):557-66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1708714.
Smith A, Smirniotopoulos J, Rushing E. From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008;28(7):2033-58. doi: 10.1148/rg.287085135.
Tunkel A, Glaser C, Bloch K, Sejvar J, Marra C, Roos K, Hart-man B, Kaplan S, Scheld W, Whitley R. Infectious diseases society of America. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(3):303-27. doi: 10.1086/589747.
Solomon T, Michael B, Smith P, Sanderson F, Davies N, Hart I, Holland M, Easton A, Buckley C, Kneen R, Beeching N. National Encephalitis Guidelines Development and Stakeholder Groups. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults-Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012;64(4):347-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.014.
Venkatesan A, Geocadin R. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: A practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(3):206-15. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000036.
Llao J, Romero C, Delgado C. Encefalitis autoinmunes: criterios diagnósticos y pautas terapéuticas. Rev Méd Chile. 2018;146(3):351-61. 25. doi: 10.4067/s0034-98872018000300351.
Salovin A, Glanzman J, Roslin K, Armangue T, Lynch D, Panzer J. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and nonencephalitic HSV-1 infection. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018;5(4):e458. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000458.
Leypoldt F, Titulaer M, Aguilar E, Walther J, Bónstrup M, Havemeister S, et al. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: case report. Neurology. 2013;81(18):1637-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a9f531.
Russell D, Nosadini M. Infection-triggered autoimmunity. The case of herpes simplex virus type 1 and anti-NMDAR antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol. 2018;5(4):e471. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000471.
Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumá J, Radosevic M, Mannara F, Leypoldt F, Geis C, Lancaster E, Titulaer M, Rosenfeld M, Graus F. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(11):1045-57. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3.
Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, Mattozzi S, Cárceles M, Martinez E, et al. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Study Group. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(9):760-72. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30244-8.
Hansen A, Vestergaard H, Dessau R, Bodilsen J, Andersen NS, Omland LH, et al. Long-term survival, morbidity, social functioning and risk of disability in patients with a herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 central nervous system infection, Denmark, 2000-2016. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:745-55. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S256838.
Hokkanen L, Launes J. Neuropsychological sequelae of acute-onset sporadic viral encephalitis. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007;17(5):450-77. doi: 10.1080/09602010601137039.
Olival G, Lima B, Sumita L, Serafim V, Fink M, Nali L, et al. Multiple sclerosis and herpesvirus interaction. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2013;71(9):727-30. 33. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20130160.
Duarte L, Farias M, Alvarez D, Bueno S, Riedel C, González P Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the central nervous system: insights in to proposed interrelationships with neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13(46):1-23. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00046.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.