Resumen
INTRODUCCIÓN:La prevalencia de deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y demencia se ha descrito recientemente como alta en Colombia, debido al aumento de la población adulta mayor y a su baja escolaridad. Aun no es claro el mecanismo por el cual la diabetes mellitus (DM) o la hipertensión arterial (HTA), en ausencia de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), aumentarían el riesgo de DCL o demencia.
OBJETIVO:Revisar en la literatura la posible asociación de HTA y DM con el riesgo de progresión a DCL.
MÉTODOS:Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de las publicaciones entre los años 2007 y 2017, de cohortes y casos y controles de adultos de 65 años o más con HTA o DM y que evaluaran como desenlace DCL o demencia.
RESULTADOS:La revisión arrojó doce artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Seis artículos reportaban relación entre HTA y riesgo de presentar deterioro cognitivo; de estos, cinco artículos presentaban como desenlace demencia vascular (DVa) y el otro tanto demencia tipo Alzheimer (DTA) como DVa. Además, informan sobre el riesgo de presentar demencia según las cifras de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. De los seis estudios de cohortes incluidos, cinco encontraron una relación significativa entre DM y progresión a DCL o DTA.
CONCLUSIÓN:Los pacientes con HTA tienen mayor riesgo de DVa, seguido por demencia mixta. La DM se asocia con una mayor frecuencia de DTA, en especial si la DM aparece en edades tempranas.
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