<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//EDP//DTD EDP Publishing JATS v1.0 20130606//EN" "JATS-edppublishing1.dtd"><article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anco</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Acta Neurológica Colombiana</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Acta Neurol Colomb.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0120-8748</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2422-4022</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Asociación Colombiana de Neurología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22379/24224022409</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Caso clínico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Encefalopatía asociada a enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease: Case report and literature review</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Villa-Tobón</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Soto-Osorio</surname>
						<given-names>María Camila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jiménez-Villegas</surname>
						<given-names>Juliana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Giraldo Tapias</surname>
						<given-names>Lilliana María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Neurología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad CES</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad CES</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Medellín</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Neurología, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC), Medellín, Colombia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Medellín</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Correspondencia: Felipe Villa Tobón, <email>cfvt93@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Conflictos de interés</label>
					<p> Los autores no refieren conflicto de interés.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>85</fpage>
			<lpage>90</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>INTRODUCCIÓN:</title>
					<p> La encefalopatía asociada a enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune se caracteriza por un inicio insidioso de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos que incluyen alteración de la función cognoscitiva, cambios del comportamiento, crisis convulsivas y trastornos del movimiento.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>REPORTE DE CASO: </title>
					<p>Hombre de 69 años con antecedente de hipotiroidismo primario que consultó por dos semanas de alteración de la memoria, confusión y trastorno del lenguaje, asociados a hiperreflexia y temblor generalizado. Los estudios mostraron nivel de hormona tiroidea y títulos de anticuerpos antitiroideos elevados, líquido cefalorraquídeo con aumento de proteínas y anticuerpos antineuronales negativos, neuroimagen normal y electroencefalograma con alteraciónes inespecíficas. Posterior a descartar otras etiologías, se hizo el diagnóstico de encefalopatía asociada a enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune y se inició manejo con esteroides, con los que presentó una mejoría clínica significativa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>DISCUSIÓN: </title>
					<p>La encefalopatía asociada a enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune es un trastorno complejo que requiere un diagnóstico oportuno y rápido. En todos los pacientes con síntomas neuropsiquiátricos agudos o subagudos, y sin causa clara, es pertinente solicitar un perfil de anticuerpos antitiroideos independiente de la función tiroidea basal.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>INTRODUCTION:</title>
					<p> Thyroid autoimmune disease-associated encephalopathy is characterized by an insidious onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms which may include impaired cognitive function, behavioral changes, seizures, and movement disorders.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>CASE REPORT: </title>
					<p>A 69-year-old man with a history of primary hypothyroidism who consulted for two weeks of memory impairment, confusion, and language disorder, associated with hyperreflexia and generalized tremor. Studies showed elevated thyroid hormone levels and antithyroid antibody titers, cerebrospinal fluid with increased protein and negative antineuronal antibodies, normal neuroimaging, and electroencephalogram with nonspecific abnormalities. After ruling out other etiologies, a diagnosis of encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease was made and management with steroids was started, with which he presented significant clinical improvement.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>DISCUSSION:</title>
					<p> Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease is a complex disorder that requires timely and rapid diagnosis. In all patients with acute or subacute neuropsychiatric symptoms, and without a clear cause, it is pertinent to request an antithyroid antibody profile independent of baseline thyroid function</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>PALABRAS CLAVE:</title>
				<kwd>Autoanticuerpos</kwd>
				<kwd>Encefalitis</kwd>
				<kwd>Enfermedad de Hashimoto</kwd>
				<kwd>Hipotiroidismo</kwd>
				<kwd>Glándula tiroides (DeCS)</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>KEYWORDS:</title>
				<kwd>Autoantibodies</kwd>
				<kwd>Encephalitis</kwd>
				<kwd>Hashimoto Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Hypothyroidism</kwd>
				<kwd>Thyroid Gland (MeSH)</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="50"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La encefalopatía asociada a enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune (EAETA) o encefalopatía de Hashimoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> es un trastorno que se caracteriza por una alteración del estado de conciencia, y que se acompaña de diferentes síntomas neuropsiquiátricos, con una función tiroidea normal o ligeramente alterada, niveles de anticuerpos antitiroideo peroxidasa (aTPO), antitiroglobulina (aTG) o ambos elevados, y hallazgos en la resonancia magnética de cerebro (RM) y en el líquido cefalorraquideo (LCR) normales o poco específicos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. La EAETA se puede considerar como diagnóstico, solo después de descartar otras causas posibles <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>La EAETA fue descrita por primera vez por Lord Brain en 1966, en un paciente masculino de 48 años, quien muchos meses después del diagnóstico de tiroiditis de Hashimoto inició con episodios de afasia, hemianopsia, hemiplejía y crisis convulsivas que evolucionaron a coma, y que posterior a su resolución, continuó con episodios de agitación, confusión, alucinaciones y movimientos involuntarios <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>La aparente respuesta de la mayoría de los pacientes a la terapia con esteroides le ha otorgado el nombre de encefalopatía respondedora a esteroides asociada con tiroiditis autoinmune (SREAT, siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, solo entre 31% y 56% de los pacientes logran una respuesta en forma completa, por lo que muchos de ellos requieren una terapia de inmunosupresión adicional <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Con alrededor de 200 casos reportados en la literatura médica internacional <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> su diagnóstico continúa siendo un desafío debido a su multiplicidad de síntomas y la baja especificidad de los estudios disponibles.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Presentación del caso</title>
			<p>Un zapatero de 69 años con antecedente de dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sin requerimiento de insulina exógena, hipotiroidismo primario y tabaquismo consultó a la institución por dos semanas de compromiso progresivo de la memoria, desorientación, prosopagnosia episódica y disminución de la producción del lenguaje.</p>
			<p>Los signos vitales y la evaluación cardiopulmonar fueron normales. Establecía poco contacto con el examinador y su entorno, no seguía órdenes simples ni complejas, y se encontraba mutista. El trofismo estaba conservado, y movilizaba espontáneamente las extremidades, con paratonía e hiperreflexia generalizada. Tenía temblor mandibular, episodios de discinesias orofaciales izquierdas, y temblor de intención en extremidades superiores. Presentaba reflejo palmomentoniano bilateral, con ausencia de Babinski y signos meningeos.</p>
			<p>Los resultados de los estudios metabólicos básicos (electrolitos, glucosa, vitamina B12, ácido fólico) y enfermedades infecciosas fueron normales (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). El nivel de la hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH) se encontraba significativamente elevada, con anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y antitiroglobulinas positivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). La radiografía de tórax, la ecografía abdominal y la tomografía simple de cráneo fueron normales.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estudios séricos</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sodio</td>
								<td align="center">142 mmol/lt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Magnesio</td>
								<td align="center">2.19 mmol/lt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Calcio iónico</td>
								<td align="center">1,35 mmol/lt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Leucocitos</td>
								<td align="center">11,100/mclt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
								<td align="center">16,2 gr/dl</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ALT/AST</td>
								<td align="center">49/47 U/lt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">PCR</td>
								<td align="center">1,75 mg/dl</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CPK</td>
								<td align="center">69 U/lt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Creatinina</td>
								<td align="center">1,7 - 1,5 mg/dl</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ácido fólico</td>
								<td align="center">6,2 ng/ml</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vitamina B12</td>
								<td align="center">607 pg/ml</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">VIH</td>
								<td align="center">No reactivo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">RPR</td>
								<td align="center">Negativo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TSH</td>
								<td align="center">51,67 uUI/ml</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Anticuerpos antiperoxidasa</td>
								<td align="center">&gt;1000 UI/lt</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Anticuerpos antitiroglobulina</td>
								<td align="center">6,7 UI/lt</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Fuente: Historia clínica del paciente.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El LCR fue acelular con aumento de las proteínas, con un panel de anticuerpos antineuronales negativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). En aquel momento, los anticuerpos contra en receptor de N-metil-D-Aspartato (NMDAR) no se encontraban dentro del plan de beneficios de salud, por lo que no fue posible su realización. La RNM de cerebro contrastada fue normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>) y el electroencefalograma (EEG) mostró un enlentecimiento theta/delta difuso, con ausencia de ritmos fisiológicos de fondo y actividad epileptiforme focal bifrontal de ocasional frecuencia de presentación, sin criterios para estatus epiléptico no convulsivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Hallazgos en LCR.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Presión de apertura</td>
								<td align="left">11.5 cm H2O</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Líquido</td>
								<td align="left">Claro, transparente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Leucocitos</td>
								<td align="left">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Glóbulos rojos</td>
								<td align="left">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Proteínas</td>
								<td align="left">132.3 mg/dl</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Glucosa</td>
								<td align="left">87.3 mg/dl</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">(glucometría: 128 mg/dl)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Gram</td>
								<td align="left">Negativo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Cultivo</td>
								<td align="left">Negativo </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Film Array</td>
								<td align="left">Negativo </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Anticuerpos antineuronales</td>
								<td align="left">Negativo </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fuente: Historia Clínica del paciente.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>RNM cerebral contrastada. Se muestran cortes axiales de secuencias A. T1, B. T1 contrastada, C. y D. T2 y FLAIR</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://actaneurologica.com/index.php/anc/article/download/1110/524/5850"/>
					<attrib>Fuente: Historia clínica del paciente.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>EEG, A. lentiflcación del ritmo dominante posterior, con una frecuencia en el rango entre 5 y 6 Hz (Theta), reactiva y con variabilidad espontánea; B. En regiones anteriores (frontales), la actividad está formada por ondas entre 4 y 5 Hz (frecuencias delta y theta).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://actaneurologica.com/index.php/anc/article/download/1110/524/5851"/>
					<attrib>Fuente: Unidad de neuroflsiología Fundación Instituto Neurològico de Colombia.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Al descartarse una neuroinfección como etiología, se inició manejo anticonvulsivante asociado a metilprednisolona 1 g/día por 5 días, con una mejoría significativa de los síntomas. Fue dado de alta con levetiracetam y desmonte gradual de esteroides orales.</p>
			<p>En la cita de control por neurología posterior a mes y medio del alta, el paciente refirió sentirse mucho mejor, en especial de las quejas subjetivas de memoria, aunque ocasionalmente, presentaba irritabilidad y verbalizaba incoherencias.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La EAETA tiene una prevalencia estimada de 2,1/100.000, una edad promedio de presentación de 62 años (dos picos: 20-30 años y 60-70 años) y una relación mujer: hombre de 4:1, y una menor frecuencia en la edad pediátrica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. En su fisiopatología se describen tres posibles mecanismos: 1. alteración de microvasculatura cerebral secundaria a depósitos de complejos inmunes con fenómeno vasculítico, 2. desregulación hormonal hipotálamo hipofisaria, con un aumento de hormona liberadora de tirotropina (TRH), la TSH y prolactina como factores de proautoinmunidad, 3. vía directa, a través de anticuerpos antitiroideos (aTPO, aTG, receptor-TSH) y contra antíge-nos extratiroideos (alfaenolasa, gangliósidos, glicoproteína oligodendrocítica de mielina y otros antígenos onconeuronales) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>La EAETA cuenta con manifestaciones neurológicas y psiquiátricas muy amplias <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> que incluyen trastorno cognitivo, principalmente memoria (36%-100%), alteración de la conciencia (26%-85%), temblor (28%-84%), mioclonías (37%-65%), crisis epilépticas (47%-66%), déficit focales reversibles (27%-67%), trastornos del habla/lenguaje (37%), trastorno de la marcha/ataxia (27%-65%), episodios similares al ataque cerebro vascular (ACV) (18%-31%), estado epiléptico (12%-20%), coma (15%) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, delirios de persecución (15%), trastornos del sueño, alucinaciones visuales, trastornos del ánimo (12%) e, incluso, catatonia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En la mayoría de los pacientes, el tiempo de evolución de los síntomas es menor de cuatro semanas (84%) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> y, según su forma de presentación, puede agruparse en cuatro subtipos: 1. encefalopatía y alteración cognitiva (29%-58%); 2. trastorno psiquiátrico con síntomas psicóticos de rápida evolución (29%); 3. estatus epiléptico de novo refractario (NORSE, siglas en inglés) (25%); y 4. encefalitis límbica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Con menor frecuencia, se describen fenotipos atípicos como la ataxia cerebelosa progresiva y una forma similar a la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>La mayoría de los pacientes con EAETA se encuentran eutiroideos (18-45%) o con hipotiroidismo subclínico (2530%) Sin embargo, se ha descrito también en pacientes con hipotiroidismo (17-30%) e hipertiroidismo (7%) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>, por lo que no hay evidencia de que el trastorno tiroideo por sí mismo contribuya a la enfermedad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Actualmente no se dispone de biomarcadores específicos para su diagnóstico. Los aTPO se encuentran elevados en un 95%-100% de los pacientes; los aTG, en un 73% y los anti-N-terminal de alfa-enolasa en un 60%-83%. Es importante anotar que su significado aún es incierto, ya que pueden detectarse en un 13% de personas sanas. Adicionalmente, la tiroiditis de Hashimoto, con una frecuencia del 5,4%, es la comorbilidad autoinmune más frecuente en pacientes con otras encefalitis autoinmunes &quot;anticuerpos-positivas&quot;, como aquellas con anticuerpos contra el NMDAR, esclerosis múltiple o espectro de neuromielitis óptica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref>. Sumado a lo anterior, muchos pacientes, previamente diagnosticados con EAETA no contaban con estudios de otros anticuerpos, por lo que la presencia aislada de aTPO y aTG podría haber sido un factor confusor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En general, la RNM de cerebro, el EEG y el LCR son estudios de soporte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>. En el LCR se describe aumento de las proteínas (80%), incluyendo la IgG4, con leve pleocitosis linfocitaria (20-80%) y bandas oligoclonales <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. La RNM usualmente es normal (50%) o presenta cambios poco específicos; sin embargo, se reportan casos con lesiones reversibles de la sustancia blanca, alteraciones en las secuencias de difusión en regiones subcorticales o en el área límbica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>, alteraciones susceptibles de mejoría luego del tratamiento <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>El EEG es poco específico y se describe, en la mayoría de los pacientes (65%) un enlentecimiento intermitente generalizado <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>La EAETA se considera un diagnóstico de exclusión, especialmente de las encefalitis autoinmunes bien caracterizadas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>. Y para su disgnóstico se requiere la presencia de los seis criterios propuestos por Graus y colegas:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Encefalopatía con crisis convulsivas, mioclonías, alucinaciones o episodios similares al ACV.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Enfermedad tiroidea leve o subclínica.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>RNM de cerebro normal o con hallazgos no específicos.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Presencia de anticuerpos séricos (aTPO, aTG) con títulos mayores de 200 U/mL.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Ausencia de anticuerpos antineuronales bien caracterizados en suero o LCR.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Exclusión de causas alternativas.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>La primera línea de tratamiento para la EAETA son los esteroides, a pesar de que las bases que sustentan el daño neuronal directo por autoanticuerpos o la presencia de reacciones inmunes cruzadas con antígenos tiroideos y el sistema nervioso no han sido demostradas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>, y que, hasta un 40% de los pacientes presentan una remisión espontánea <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>. Generalmente se utilizan pulsos de esteroides entre 0,5 a 1 gr/día por 3-5 días, observando mejoría entre la cuarta y sexta semanas, continuando luego con un descenso de esteroide oral guiado por la evolución clínica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>51</sup></xref>. En los casos que no responden o que tienen múltiples recurrencias, el tratamiento con azatioprina, plasmaféresis o inmunoglobulina ha mostrado efectividad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>52</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>54</sup></xref>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La EAETA como alteración compleja, con un amplio rango de síntomas en su presentación, requiere un diagnóstico oportuno y rápido. Por ello, este síndrome debe estar presente en el abanico diagnóstico de los clínicos de diferentes áreas, ya que requiere un grado alto de sospecha clínica y conocimiento sobre enfermedades que debutan con características similares, especialmente las encefalopatías de etiología desconocida.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label><italic>Contribución de los autores:</italic></label>
				<p><italic>FVT.: Propuesta investigación, borrador del manuscrito, búsqueda bibliográfica e imágenes. MCS.: Obtención de datos clínicos, consentimiento informado. JJ.: Obtención de datos clínicos, consentimiento informado e imágenes. LMG.: Propuesta investigación, escritura del documento, verificación y aprobación final.</italic></p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
</article>